Only the high quality tankpro replacement filters - pro 3.2 with semi-permeable of pores size 0.0001 microns which is 2,500 times smaller than bacteria and 20 times smaller than any virus understand the purpose and process of Reverse Osmosis you must first understand the naturally occurring process of Osmosis. Osmosis is a naturally occurring phenomenon and one of the most important processes in nature. It is a process where a weaker saline solution will tend to migrate to a strong saline solution. Examples of osmosis are when plant roots absorb water from the soil and our kidneys absorb water from our blood. Below is a diagram which shows how osmosis works. A solution that is less concentrated will have a natural tendency to migrate to a solution with a higher concentration. For example, if you had a container full of water with a low salt concentration and another container full of water with a high salt concentration and they were separated by a semi-permeable membrane, then the water with the lower salt concentration would begin to migrate towards the water container with the higher salt concentration. Osmosis Color, tankpro replacement filters - pro 3.2  semi-permeable membrane is a membrane that will allow some atoms or molecules to pass but not others. A simple example is a screen door. It allows air molecules to pass through but not pests or anything larger than the holes in the screen door. Another example is Gore-Tex clothing fabric that contains an extremely thin plastic film into which billions of small pores have been cut. The pores are big enough to let water vapor through, but small enough to prevent liquid water from passing. Tankpro replacement filters - pro 3.2 Reverse Osmosis is the process of Osmosis in reverse. Whereas Osmosis occurs naturally without energy required, to reverse the process of osmosis you need to apply energy to the more saline solution. Tankpro replacement filters - pro 3.2 reverse osmosis membrane is a semi-permeable membrane that allows the passage of water molecules but not the majority of dissolved salts, organics, bacteria and pyrogens. However, you need to 'push' the water through the reverse osmosis membrane by applying pressure that is greater than the naturally occurring osmotic pressure in order to desalinate (demineralize or deionize) water in the process, allowing pure water through while holding back a majority of contaminants. Below is a diagram outlining the process of Reverse Osmosis . When pressure is applied to the concentrated solution, the water molecules are forced through the semi-permeable membrane and the contaminants are not allowed through. Reverse Osmosis Color How does tankpro replacement filters - pro 3.2 Reverse Osmosis water filters replacement works by using a high pressure pump to increase the pressure on the salt side of the RO and force the water across the semi-permeable RO membrane, leaving almost all (around 95% to 99%) of dissolved salts behind in the reject stream. The amount of pressure required depends on the salt concentration of the feed water. The more concentrated the feed water, the more pressure is required to overcome the osmotic pressure. The desalinated water that is demineralized or deionized, is called permeate (or product) water. The water stream that carries the concentrated contaminants that did not pass through the RO membrane is called the reject (or concentrate) stream. Ro Membrane 1 As the feed water enters the tankpro-pro 3.2 water filters membrane under pressure (enough pressure to overcome osmotic pressure) the water molecules pass through the semi-permeable membrane and the salts and other contaminants are not allowed to pass and are discharged through the reject stream (also known as the concentrate or brine stream), which goes to drain or can be fed back into the feed water supply in some circumstances to be recycled through the RO system to save water. The water that makes it through the RO membrane, in pa-e reverse osmosis tankpro replacement filters - pro 3.2 is called permeate or product water and usually has around 95% to 99% of the dissolved salts removed from it. It is important to understand that tankpro water system employs cross filtration rather than standard filtration where the contaminants are collected within the filter media. With cross filtration, the solution passes through the filter, or crosses the filter, with two outlets: the filtered water goes one way and the contaminated water goes another way. To avoid build up of contaminants, cross flow filtration allows water to sweep away contaminant build up and also allow enough turbulence to keep the membrane surface clean. What contaminants will tankpro replacement filters - pro 3.2 remove from water ?  tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters is capable of removing up to 99%+ of the dissolved salts (ions), particles, colloids, organics, bacteria and pyrogens from the feed water (although an RO system should not be relied upon to remove 100% of bacteria and viruses). tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filter’s membrane rejects contaminants based on their size and charge. Any contaminant that has a molecular weight greater than 200 is likely rejected by a properly running RO system (for comparison a water molecule has a MW of 18). Likewise, the greater the ionic charge of the contaminant, the more likely it will be unable to pass through the RO membrane. For example, a sodium ion has only one charge (monovalent) and is not rejected by the RO membrane as well as calcium for example, which has two charges. Likewise, this is why an RO system does not remove gases such as CO2 very well because they are not highly ionized (charged) while in solution and have a very low molecular weight. Because an RO system does not remove gases, the permeate water can have a slightly lower than normal pH level depending on CO2 levels in the feed water as the CO2 is converted to carbonic acid. tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters is very effective in treating brackish, surface and ground water for both large and small flows applications. Some examples of industries that using  tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filter’s water include pharmaceutical, boiler feed water, food and beverage, metal finishing and semiconductor manufacturing to name a few . tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters Performance & Design Calculations. There are a handful of calculations that are used to judge the performance of an RO system and also for design considerations. An RO system has instrumentation that displays quality, flow, pressure and sometimes other data like temperature or hours of operation. In order to accurately measure the performance of an RO system you need the following operation parameters at a minimum:  tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters Feed pressure, tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters Permeate pressure.  pa-e reverse osmosis ro-132 filter replacement filters Concentrate pressure. tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters Feed conductivity. tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters Permeate conductivity. tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters  Permeate flow . tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filter’s temperature.   tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters for reverse osmosis system replacement filters Salt Rejection 99% . This equation tells you how effective the reverse osmosis system’s membrane of removing contaminants. It does not tell you how each individual membrane is performing, but rather how the system overall on average is performing. A well-designed tankpro RO system with properly functioning RO membranes will reject 95% to 99% of most feed water contaminants (  tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters )  Salt Passage this is simply the inverse of salt rejection described in the previous equation. This is the amount of salts expressed as a percentage that are passing through the RO system. The lower the salt passage, the better the system is performing. A high salt passage can mean that the membranes require cleaning or replacement. Salt Passage % = (1 – Salt Rejection %)Recovery %  .  Percent Recovery is the amount of water that is being 'recovered' as good permeate water. Another way to think of Percent Recovery is the amount of water that is not sent to drain as concentrate, but rather collected as permeate or product water. The higher the recovery % means that you are sending less water to drain as concentrate and saving more permeate water. However, if the recovery % is too high for the RO design then it can lead to larger problems due to scaling and fouling. The % Recovery for an RO system is established with the help of design software taking into consideration numerous factors such as feed water chemistry and RO pre-treatment before the RO system. Therefore, the proper % Recovery at which an RO should operate at depends on what it was designed for. By calculating the % Recovery you can quickly determine if the system is operating outside of the intended design. The calculation for % Recovery is below:  if the recovery rate is 75% then this means that for every 100 gallons of feed water that enter the RO system, you are recovering 75 gallons as usable permeate water and 25 gallons are going to drain as concentrate. Industrial RO systems typically run anywhere from 50% to 85% recovery depending the feed water characteristics and other design considerations. tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters Concentration Factor,  The concentration factor is related to the tankpro water system recovery and is an important equation for RO system design. The more water you recover as permeate (the higher the % recovery), the more concentrated salts and contaminants you collect in the concentrate stream. This can lead to higher potential for scaling on the surface of the tankpro reverse osmosis system RO membrane when the concentration factor is too high for the system design and feed water composition tankpro RO membranes in the above example, then the flux would have been 14. So it is important to factor in what type of membrane is used and to try and keep the type of membrane consistent throughout the system Ro Concentrate Recycle . tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters and reverse osmosis system Single Pass RO vs Double Pass RO.  Think of  tankpro reverse osmosis system replacement filters for pass as a stand-alone RO system. With this in mind, the difference between a single pass  tankpro reverse osmosis system filters for RO system and a double pass RO system is that with a double pass RO, the permeate from the first pass becomes the feed water to the second pass (or second RO) which ends up producing a much higher quality permeate because it has essentially gone through two RO systems. tankpro water filters - reverse osmosis replacement filters  Besides producing a much higher quality permeate,  tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters reverse osmosis system for double pass system tankpro- pro 3.2  GAC carbon replacement filters before the tankpro reverse osmosis unit is that the GAC will remove chlorine quickly at the very top of the GAC bed. This will leave the remainder of the GAC bed without any biocide to kill microorganisms. tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement carbon GAC filter will absorb organics throughout the bed, which is potential food for bacteria, so eventually a GAC bed can become a breeding ground for bacteria growth which can pass easily to the reverse osmosis replacement filters  RO membranes. Likewise, a GAC bed can produce very small carbon fines under some circumstances that have the potential to foul an RO . The tankpro reverse osmosis membranes are the heart of the RO system and certain data points need to be collected to determine the health of the RO membranes. These data points include the system pressures, flows, quality and temperature. Water temperature is directly proportional to pressure. As the water temperature decreases it becomes more viscous and the tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters flow will drop as it requires more pressure to push the water through the membrane. Likewise, when the water temperature increases the RO permeate flow will increase. As a result, performance data for the tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters must be normalized so that flow variations are not interpreted as abnormal when no problem exists. The normalized flows, pressures and salt rejection should be calculated, graphed and compared to the baseline data (when the RO was commissioned or after the membranes were cleaned or replaced) to help troubleshoot any problems and also determine when to clean or inspect the membranes for damage. Data normalization helps display the true performance of the RO membranes. As a general rule of thumb, when the normalized change is +/- 15% from the baseline data then you need to take action. If you don't follow this rule then RO membrane cleanings may not be very effective at bringing the membranes back to near new performance. if the normalized pressure drop or the normalized salt passage has increased by 15%, then it is time to change the tankpro reverse osmosis replacement filters & RO membrane, With the correct tankpro- pro 3.2  replacement filters for reverse osmosis systems, maintenance program, and experienced service support, your tankpro-pro 3.2 reverse osmosis filters should provide many years of high purity water.